References
THEORISTS
Most recognise and credit Bronislaw Malinowski with the development of in depth scientific research. His 1922 work 'Argonauts of the Western Pacific' is recognised as one of the foundational texts of ethnography. It is from Malinowski that the early concept of a scientifically trained fieldworker observing a native in their natural habitat was formed (Gullion, 2015).
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Another significant theorist to the work of ethnography and more broadly sociology was the work of Erving Goffman. He was a Canadian anthropologist who studied at the Chicago school of anthropology and carried out fieldwork in a number of countries. He developed a range of theoretical perspectives for examining how people behave in different social settings. Goffman observed that the social situation is the basic unit in which everyday life takes place. His most significant contribution was on 'face'. He described face as the positive social value a person claims for themselves by the line others assume they have taken during a particular contact. This led to a whole new area of pragmatics research.
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Another key contributor was Frederick Erickson whose approach is known as micro ethnography. He looked at the small communicative behaviours on the micro-level. His work was seminal in highlighting how people do not unthinkingly follow cultural rules but can actively and non-deterministically construct what they do and who they are (Copland, 2017).
Martyn Hammersley and Paul Atkinson's work 'Ethnography: Principles in Practice' is one of the most referenced recent works that pulls together much of the common understanding and knowledge around ethnography. It is currently in its third edition.
Barron, I 2013. 'The potential and challenges of critical realist ethnography', International Journal of Research & Method in Education, p117-130.
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Copland, F & Creese, A 2017. 'Linguistic Ethnography', in Copland, F & Creese, A, Lingustic Ethnography: Collecting, Analysing and Presenting Data, <http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781473910607>
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Creswell, J.W 2007.Qualitative inquiry and research design. Choosing Among Five Approaches. California, Sage Publications.
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Desmond, J 2014. 'Ethnography as Ethics and Epistemology: Why American Studies Should Embrace Fieldwork, and Why it Hasn't', American Studies, p27-56.
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Fetterman, D. M 1998. Ethnography. Step by Step (2nd ed.). California, Sage.
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Fraenkel, J. R; Wallen, N. E & Hyun, H 2011. How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (8th ed.). United States, McGraw-Hill Education.
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Gullion, J 2015. Writing Ethnography, Sense Publishers.
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Hammersley, M & Atkinson, P 2007. Ethnography: Principles in Practice. UK, Taylor and Francis.
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Kendall, N & Thangaraj, M 2012. 'Ethongraphy', in Trainor, A & Graue, E, 'Reviewing Qualitative Research in the Social Sciences: A Guide for Researchers and Reviewers', Taylor and Francis, UK, p82-107.
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Malinowski, B 1932. Argonauts of the Western Pacific. Fundacja Nowoczesna Polska, <https://wolnelektury.pl/media/book/pdf/argonauts-of-the-western-pacific.pdf>
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Marietto, M 2009. 'Ontological and Epistemological Assumptions to Ethnography in S-as-P Studies', ResearchGate, p1-6.
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Masny, D 2015, 'Problematizing Qualitative education research: reading observations and interviews through rhizoanalysis and multiple literacies', <http://dx.doi.org/10.7577/rerm.1422>, p1-14.
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Murchison, J 2009. Ethnography Essentials: Designing, Conducting and Presenting Your Research. Australia, John Wiley & Sons.
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Pillow, W 2003. 'Confession, catharsis, or cure? Rethinking the uses of reflexivity as methodological power in qualitative research', International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, p175-196.
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Trainor, A & Graue, E 2013. Reviewing qualitative research in the social sciences. New York, Taylor & Francis.
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Wolcott, H. T 2008. Ethnography: A way of seeing (2nd. ed.). Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira.
